arrow_back Electronics Lab

Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp)

EXP-04

Interactive 4-Mode Linear & Non-Linear Op-Amp Analysis Engine

schema Inverting Amplifier Circuit Topology
LINEAR (ACTIVE) Av = -2.00
Configuration Mode: Inverting Amplifier
Voltage Gain (Av): -2.00 V/V
Calculated Vout: -2.00 V
Actual Vout (Clamped): -2.00 V
show_chart Real-Time Oscilloscope & Transient Response Graph
LIVE SWEEP
Channel 1 (Vin): Input Signal (Cyan)
Channel 2 (Vout): Output Signal (Purple)
Supply Limits: ±VCC / -VEE Rails (Red Dashed)
calculate Op-Amp Physics & Mathematical Derivation Solver
LIVE FORMULAS
LINEAR OPERATION INVERTING AMPLIFIER

Output operates comfortably within ±15V supply rails. Av = -Rf / Rin = -20k / 10k = -2.00.

INPUT VOLTAGE (VIN) +1.000 V Signal Generator
VOLTAGE GAIN (AV) -2.000 V/V Inverting Ratio
CALCULATED VOUT -2.000 V Av × Vin
ACTUAL OUTPUT (VOUT) -2.000 V Clamped within ±15V
tune Circuit Parameters & Controls
INSTANT SYNC
V
kΩ
kΩ
V
quiz Interactive Student Practice Task
TASK: Configure an Inverting Amp with Vin = 2.0V and Gain = -3.0. Predict Vout.
table_chart Lab Observation Readings
# Mode Vin (V) Rf (kΩ) Rin (kΩ) Gain (Av) Vout (V) Status
Click "+ Record" to save live experiment measurements.

menu_book Academic & Industrial Reference Manual — Operational Amplifiers

MODULE 01

Ideal Op-Amp Golden Rules

An ideal operational amplifier is characterized by:

  • Rule 1 (Infinite Input Impedance): No current flows into either input terminal (Iin+ = Iin- = 0).
  • Rule 2 (Virtual Short Concept): With negative feedback in the linear region, the amplifier forces V(+) = V(-).
  • Zero Output Impedance: Output can source or sink current maintaining voltage.
MODULE 02

Inverting vs Non-Inverting Amplification

Key transfer functions derived from KCL at the inverting node:

Inverting: Av = −Rf / Rin  •  Vout = Av × Vin
Non-Inverting: Av = 1 + (Rf / R1)  •  Vout = Av × Vin

Inverting mode exhibits 180° phase shift; non-inverting preserves input phase.

MODULE 03

Voltage Follower (Unity-Gain Buffer)

Formed by direct 100% negative feedback with Rf = 0 and R1 = ∞:

Av = 1.00  •  Vout ≈ Vin

Provides extreme input isolation preventing loading effects on sensitive sensor stages.

MODULE 04

Open-Loop Voltage Comparator

With no feedback, open-loop gain AOL ≥ 100,000 causes instant rail switching:

Vin > Vref → Vout = +Vsat ≈ +VCC
Vin < Vref → Vout = −Vsat ≈ −VEE

Forms the foundation for 1-bit analog-to-digital converters and threshold detectors.