Mechanics & Fundamental Laws
Fundamental laws of motion, gravitation, energy, and linear momentum conservation.
Newton's First Law
Inertia — an object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by a net external force.
Newton's Second Law
Force equals mass times acceleration (F = ma) — explore force, mass, and motion dynamics.
Newton's Third Law
Action and reaction — for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction force.
Law of Universal Gravitation
Analyze gravitational force between masses and orbital mechanics fundamentals.
Conservation of Energy
Observe kinetic and potential energy transformations in mechanical systems.
Conservation of Linear Momentum
Study momentum conservation in collisions and particle interactions.
Mechanics & Properties of Matter
Elasticity, buoyancy, hydrostatics, and fluid dynamics principles.
Hooke's Law
Study spring force proportional to displacement with elastic deformation analysis.
Archimedes' Principle
Explore buoyancy and fluid displacement forces on submerged objects.
Pascal's Principle
Analyze pressure transmission in enclosed fluids and hydraulic systems.
Bernoulli's Principle
Study fluid velocity and pressure relationships in flow systems.
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamic laws, heat engine cycles, entropy, and energy transfer principles.
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
Explore thermal equilibrium, temperature measurement, and system heat balancing.
First Law of Thermodynamics
Study energy conservation in thermodynamic systems and heat-work equivalence (ΔU = Q - W).
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Study heat engines, Carnot efficiency, entropy generation, and natural heat flow directions.
Third Law of Thermodynamics
Visualize absolute zero (0 K), quantum ground state, and entropy limits in perfect crystals.
Carnot Principle
Analyze maximum efficiency of ideal heat engine cycles and thermal reservoirs.
Electricity & Magnetism
Electrical circuits, magnetic induction, and loop voltage conservation.
Ohm's Law
Explore voltage, current, and resistance relationships in electrical circuits.
Faraday's Law
Explore electromagnetic induction and EMF generation in coil systems.
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law
Analyze voltage distribution and conservation in electrical circuit loops.
Waves & Optics
Wave phenomena, optical refraction, and Doppler frequency shifts.
Modern Physics
Quantum mechanics, atomic physics, and photon energy principles.
Photoelectric Effect & Quantum Physics
Explore photon energy, work function, and electron emission principles.